In October, CLASP was invited to join policymakers, manufacturers, retailers, civil society representatives, and market surveillance authorities at the European Commission’s implementation dialogue on energy-efficient product legislation.

Hosted by Commissioner for Energy and Housing Dan Jørgensen, the discussion focused on how to strengthen the implementation, enforcement, and real-world impact of the European Union’s (EU) product efficiency policies.

During the dialogue, Nicole Kearney, the director of CLASP’s Europe program, highlighted that ambitious ecodesign and energy labeling policies drive progress far beyond the EU’s borders. Drawing on CLASP’s global experience and collaboration with policymakers, she noted how countries like Australia, Brazil, China, India, and South Africa often look to EU policies as models for their own frameworks—or even adopt them directly.

“The European Union sets the pace for global progress on energy and climate through product efficiency,” Kearney said. “Every step forward in Brussels accelerates action worldwide, and every delay slows it down.”

This report, “Making the Switch: The Deployment Handbook for Institutional E-Cookers,” conducted by Efficiency for Access in partnership with the Modern Energy Cooking Services (MECS) programme, aims to inform practitioners seeking advice on the design, deployment, and operation of commercially available institutional e-cooking technologies and provide actionable recommendations for scaling e-cooking in institutions in Kenya. This guide covers commercially available institutional e-cooking technologies designed for both on- and off-grid applications. It provides:

• An overview of the current state of e-cooking in institutions in Kenya
• Step-by-step advice for the pre-assessment, planning, installation, and commissioning of e-cooking solutions
• Opportunities to scale the adoption of institutional e-cooking

Download “Making the Switch: The Deployment Handbook for Institutional E-Cookers” to read key findings, recommendations, and guidance on electric cookers in institutional settings.

About Efficiency for Access

Efficiency for Access is a global coalition dedicated to advancing access to energy and affordable, energy efficient appliances in underserved communities. It is a catalyst for change, accelerating access to off- and weak-grid appliances to boost incomes, avoid carbon emissions, improve quality of life, and support sustainable development. The coalition is co-chaired by UK aid from the UK government via the Transforming Energy Access platform and the IKEA Foundation.

About the MECS programme

Modern Energy Cooking Services (MECS) is an eleven-year research programme funded by UK Aid (FCDO). MECS is a geographically diverse, multicultural and transdisciplinary team working in close partnership with NGOs, governments, private sector, academia and research institutes, policy representatives and communities in 16 countries of interest to accelerate a transition from biomass to genuinely ‘clean’ cooking.

In seeking to spark a new approach to clean cooking, the MECS programme researches the socio-economic realities of a transition from polluting fuels to a range of modern fuels. Whilst the research covers several clean fuels, the evidence is pointing to the viability, cost effectiveness, and user satisfaction that energy efficient electric cooking devices provide. Significant progress has been made in access to electricity in the last decade, but these gains are sometimes disconnected from the enduring problem of clean cooking. By integrating modern energy cooking services into the planning for electricity access, quality, reliability and sustainability, MECS hopes to leverage investment in renewable energies (both grid and off-grid) to address the clean cooking challenge.

So reducing the demand for mechanical cooling is the first step. And then once we get that as low as it can go, we need to meet the remaining demand in a way that’s as climate-friendly as possible. That means paying close attention to electricity and refrigerants, which are the two main sources of emissions.

The electricity emissions come from burning fossil fuels in places where the electricity used by ACs is produced with oil, gas, or coal. Because a lot of electricity is produced this way, ACs are indirectly responsible for a large volume of emissions. That’s why it’s important to use efficient equipment. As we reduce the amount of energy needed to run ACs, we can reduce the amount of fossil fuels burned.

Refrigerants are also really important. They’re classified in terms of their global warming potential, which is extremely high for some refrigerants. One of the most common ones used in air conditioners, R-410A, is 2,000 times more potent than carbon dioxide.

The world is moving away from refrigerants that have high global warming potential, but that transition is not happening as fast as it should. The transition is being driven by commitments many countries made under the Kigali Amendment of the Montreal Protocol to phase down and phase out these refrigerants. But national regulations are needed to speed the process, and in many countries there is no regulation.

Wesseler: OK, so electricity use and refrigerants make ACs problematic from a climate perspective. How problematic, specifically? How much of a climate risk does AC pose?

Carreño: Well, data from CLASP’s appliance efficiency policy model, Mepsy, show that the projected emissions in 2030 from room air conditioners alone—so not counting any other type of space cooling, like fans—are about 800 megatons, which is almost a gigaton. That’s roughly equivalent to driving 186 million gasoline-powered cars for a year.

We’ve also found that, to achieve net zero scenarios by 2050, emissions from the entire appliance sector need to fall by nine gigatons by 2050. So when you consider that room air conditioners will reach one gigaton of emissions in 2030, that tells you the magnitude of the challenge AC poses for the climate community.

What makes this even more difficult is that, at the same time that we need to reduce emissions from AC, we need to help more people get access to air conditioners.

For many years, the efficiency community talked about air conditioners being a luxury—something that was only for households with the capacity to purchase the equipment and pay high electricity bills. But now summers are becoming so hot in many places that it’s almost impossible to stay healthy, to work, to study without AC. But there’s still very low access to air conditioning in Southeast Asia, Latin America, and Africa.

Brazil is a good example. Only 20% of households there own an air conditioner—most people use fans for cooling since they’re cheaper than AC. But the summers are becoming hotter and hotter. This year, the temperature reached 44° Celsius (111° Fahrenheit) in Rio de Janeiro. In heat like that, fans are no longer enough to keep people cool.

Brazil actually set a new record for air conditioner sales in 2024 because of the growing heat. There were six million new ACs sold, which is a 38% increase from 2023.

This same kind of growth is happening in other countries as well. The IEA (International Energy Agency) has forecast that demand for cooling will triple by 2050.

Wesseler: You mentioned that regulations are critical to reducing the climate impact of ACs. What kinds of regulations are most effective?

Carreño: National governments have various policy options. The most popular, and the most effective, are energy efficiency standards. With standards, governments essentially say, “All ACs sold in this country have to operate above this specific level of efficiency.”

Of course, there’s more to it than simply setting the efficiency level. The policy has to be widely communicated to industry—manufacturers, importers, and others—and there have to be mechanisms for testing and certifying products for compliance. But in general, standards are a relatively simple and very effective tool for removing the least-efficient products from the market.

Another important policy is labeling. Labels are a consumer-facing tool; you use them to inform consumers about the different levels of performance of the equipment available on the market. So if you’re interested in purchasing an appliance that uses less energy, that has less impact on the climate, you can easily identify those products using this simple label system.

Some governments also use incentives to promote the purchase of more efficient appliances. Public procurement is a very good incentive. Many governments purchase massive amounts of equipment for official buildings, for municipalities. When policymakers require high efficiency and low climate impact as part of this process, that incentivizes manufacturers and importers to bring in more equipment that meets those criteria. It’s an important lever.

Governments can also provide incentives to help consumers replace obsolete appliances they already own. There are a lot of examples of replacement programs for refrigerators, for instance.

Governments can also support local industry in upgrading appliance production lines. This is something CLASP is looking into in Brazil and India. Brazil produces about 90% of the air conditioners used in the country, and it already has good efficiency standards, but the idea is to support the domestic production of high-efficiency equipment and continue raising the level of ambition. We’re working with the Brazilian Agency for Industrial Development to incorporate energy efficiency into its programs. That’s turning out to be a very, very interesting program.

Wesseler: So it sounds like AC policy can be a win/win for the public and private sectors—it’s not necessarily punitive for manufacturers.

Carreño: Yeah, and this is a really important point. In general, countries’ AC policies are led by countries’ ministries of energy. Reducing energy demand and improving energy security is front and center for these ministries, of course, but they also assess the impacts of these policies on industry and consumers. And that means that policies cannot increase the price of the equipment for consumers or impact local manufacturing. That’s a challenge, because when you improve AC policies, sometimes local manufacturing is going to be impacted. So it’s important to work with local industries so they can continue to be competitive. In some cases, these upgrades can improve their competitiveness in export markets, too.

But this is the main challenge for AC policy in many of these countries. For many years, it’s the reason why policy progress has been slow.

Wesseler: Which countries are doing the most interesting things on AC policy today?

Carreño: China has the current world-leading standard for air conditioners, and the government is looking to go even farther. It’s trying to improve the technology itself, investing in research and development with the goal of doubling the efficiency of cooling equipment. The idea is that when that technology is available, that higher level of efficiency will become the new policy standard. So China is really pushing the envelope.

Brazil is another good example of where policy has really shifted the market to efficient products. For many years, Brazil didn’t revise its AC policies, but this has changed, partly because of efforts by the advocacy community in Brazil. So when the new AC label was published five years ago, followed by a new standard two years later, it really shifted the market to very efficient products.

India is also interesting. The government essentially sets up a schedule that gives manufacturers notice on what efficiency levels they need to reach in future years, helping them understand how policies will change over time. I think that’s a very good practice.

CLASP participated in the fourth Modern Energy Cooking Forum (MECF 2025) in New Delhi on 26 September. The event brought together diverse stakeholders to work towards integrating electric cooking (e-cooking) into India’s energy and climate policies.

Globally, more than 2 billion people still rely on polluting fuels like wood, charcoal, kerosene, or coal as their main cooking fuel¹. In India, about 54% of households use traditional solid fuels, either as their main source of energy or alongside liquefied petroleum gas, contributing significantly to indoor air pollution². Dependence on solid fuels negatively impacts people’s quality of life. It harms people’s health through exposure to smoke and pollutants, and it also limits productivity and keeps households trapped in a never-ending cycle of labor-intensive chores.

Improving household access to e-cooking helps address these challenges while advancing energy and climate goals. Shifting to cleaner, more efficient electric cooking can help reduce respiratory illness symptoms and other health impacts, save households time and money, while freeing up hours spent on fuel collection and cooking. From a climate perspective, the widespread adoption of e-cooking can reduce emissions from the residential energy sector and contribute to India’s decarbonization goals.

At MECF 2025, Neha Dhingra, CLASP’s Director, India, shared CLASP’s approach for accelerating India’s clean cooking transition. The approach focuses on market-shaping activities:

• Policy and institutional collaborations: CLASP has a longstanding relationship with the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) and will continue working with government stakeholders to align policies, standards, and procurement with clean cooking solutions. These collaborations are critical to ensuring that solutions are available and supported by national policies.
• Evidence and risk reduction: By providing robust appliance performance data and consumer insights, CLASP helps policymakers, financiers, and companies make informed investments in e-cooking.
• Consumer awareness and demand: CLASP will continue supporting campaigns that highlight the tangible benefits of e-cooking, from household savings to improved air quality and safer kitchens.

With this approach, CLASP aims to ensure that clean cooking appliances are available, but also affordable, trusted, and widely adopted. Through our partnership with MECS and in collaboration with local partners like Finovista, CLASP will provide venture-building support to Indian manufacturers, help identify high-growth opportunities, refine business models, and develop strategic connections with funders and partners.

CLASP’s Sumedha Awasthy (Senior Associate, Clean Energy Access) and Jatin Mathur (Associate, Clean Energy Access) also contributed to a special session on research and innovation in e-cooking, demonstrating how policy, finance, and market-building can speed up the shift. Their presentation highlighted initiatives such as the Global Leap Awards and the Institutional E-Cooking Demo.

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About CLASP’s Industry Accelerator Program in Pakistan

A collaborative initiative between CLASP and SAMA^Verte, the Industry Accelerator is aimed at transforming Pakistan’s electric motor manufacturing sector. Launched in 2023, the program focuses on enhancing the energy efficiency of locally produced electric motors and modernizing production processes. By providing technical assistance, facilitating international knowledge exchange, and supporting the development of energy-efficiency standards, the Industry Accelerator seeks to reduce energy consumption, lower CO₂ emissions, and strengthen the competitiveness of Pakistan’s motor industry.

Excerpts from this article first appeared in Business Daily Africa in the lead-up to the second Africa Climate Summit in 2025.

By centering climate responses within Africa’s development needs, the continent can unlock new investments, boost incomes, and enhance its resilience. As leaders gather in Addis Ababa for the Africa Climate Summit, the continent must define a bold narrative that strategically links climate action with development progress.

Climate change should not be a global emergency that Africa is simply signing up to solve. This crisis is already costing Africa billions every year, and an estimated 110 million people have been directly affected by climate-related hazards.

Climate action can and must be made to work for Africa by recasting it through an Africa-centered development lens. Responses to the climate crisis offer Africa an opportunity to leverage climate solutions and sustainable technologies to increase incomes, accelerate poverty reduction, and improve adaptation and resilience.

African and global leaders will be converging at the second Africa Climate Summit in Ethiopia from 5 to 10 September. When we gather in Addis Ababa, we must use the Summit as a platform to drive bold reforms and ambitious actions that can repurpose climate change solutions to address Africa’s core development imperatives.

Framing climate action as an opportunity for Africa’s development

Income growth and poverty reduction remain as Africa’s core development pathway, the rising tide that promises improvements across all other social, economic and political indicators.

Africa’s income growth and poverty reduction needs are clear. The average GDP per capita of Sub-Saharan Africa was $1,506 USD in 2024, 40% lower than middle-income countries, and 90% lower than upper upper-middle-income countries. The continent’s GDP grew by 3.3% in 2024. That annual growth rate must increase to approximately 19% on average for GDP per capita to double by 2030. The continent’s GDP must multiply seven times over for African countries to reach middle-income country status.

The pathway to income growth and poverty reduction is equally clear. Africa must increase investments several-fold to drive economic growth, create new jobs, increase productivity, improve competitiveness and enhance social services. Sustained economic growth will result in higher incomes, delivering the poverty reductions that are urgently needed.

Climate change response strategies can be repurposed to meet Africa’s income growth and poverty reduction goals in two ways. First, climate solutions can free up investments, which can then be more productively deployed to drive economic growth. Second, climate solutions can be used to reduce climate vulnerability, improve adaptation, resilience and enable sustained economic growth.

Climate solutions can free up investments for economic growth

Energy efficiency can help secure the emissions reductions that the world needs to achieve to minimize the harshest impacts of the climate emergency. Improving energy efficiency also means lower utility bills for consumers and businesses, and less demand on power grids for governments. The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that Africa currently uses 3.7 gigajoules (GJ) of energy for every thousand USD of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). By transitioning to a higher efficiency of 2.7 GJ per thousand USD of GDP by 2030, consistent with IEA’s net zero emissions pathway, Africa could save billions through avoided energy and infrastructure costs. These avoided investments could then be productively deployed for economic and income growth in areas where they are needed.

Climate solutions can reduce climate vulnerability

Climate change is already costing Africa 2-5% of its GDP, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) estimated. In Sub-Saharan Africa, for example, that translates to approximately $ 40 – $100 billion USD of lost incomes in 2023 – money that could have been utilized to enhance economic growth or support social services.

Africa bears a disproportionately large share of climate impacts because the poor and vulnerable are the least prepared to face climate vulnerabilities when they occur. The WMO projects that by 2030, 118 million extremely poor people in Africa will remain highly vulnerable to climate impacts such as heat stress, droughts and floods.

Energy-efficient appliances, such as lights, fans, air-conditioners, refrigerators, electric cookers, water pumps, cold storages, and milling equipment, are crucial to building adaptive capacity and resilience to climate change among the world’s most vulnerable populations. CLASP estimates that more than half of the population in Africa lacks access to many essential appliances, such as fans and refrigerators. There are equally large ownership gaps for agricultural equipment, such as water pumps, milling equipment and cold storage. These appliances are critical to helping reduce the risks of income and productivity losses from climate impacts.

CLASP estimates that increasing access to seven key appliances across Africa could create a market worth approximately $50 billion USD and catalyse accelerated power infrastructure development to provide electricity for all. It would improve people’s access to essential services, helping individuals manage environmental stressors and economic instability.

Climate change was not Africa’s making, but it is Africa’s fight to shape. If leaders gathering at the Africa Climate Summit in Ethiopia can reframe the response to the climate crisis as an opportunity to accelerate income growth and poverty reduction, then climate action will not only protect the vulnerable but also power the continent’s prosperity. The future is not about choosing between climate action and development; it is about making climate action the very centre of Africa’s development.