Turning the Wheel of Progress: Energy-Efficient Motor Systems Power Jobs, Economic Development, and Climate Progress in Nigeria
Energy-efficient motor systems could play a key role in driving economic growth and climate progress in Nigeria–a country that strives to reach net zero by 2060 and lift 100 million of its citizens out of poverty. While motor systems pose a significant challenge, through strategic partnerships and committed action, they also offer a significant opportunity for profound change for millions.
Motor systems: a challenge and an answer
Motor systems are essential to most automated processes and are key to the world’s manufacturing, mining, agriculture, and industrial sectors. However, motor systems have a significant emissions impact: today, they account for 27% of global industrial electricity demand. Much of this demand is linked to the fact that low-efficiency, outdated motor systems represent two-thirds of the global motor stock.
Nigeria poised to lead on motor system efficiency
In Nigeria, the industrial sector accounts for approximately 22% of electricity consumption. Motors were estimated to consume 83 TWh in 2025—equivalent to annual energy consumption in Belgium.
Energy-efficient motor systems could deliver significant economic development without losing sight of the country’s climate goals, reaching net zero by 2060, and lifting 100 million Nigerians out of poverty.
Energy-efficient motor systems can lower national electricity demand and reduce the need for costly generation, transmission, and distribution investments. When governments and utilities are able to avoid these expenses, that capital becomes available for industry, education, healthcare, and infrastructure, which ultimately helps to drive GDP growth. At a local level, efficient motors can also reduce operational costs for small businesses and smallholder farms. Lower costs translate to improved profitability and could enable job creation in these local settings.
Partnering for progress
CLASP is currently supporting the Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) to develop energy-efficiency standards for industrial motor systems. Setting up efficiency policy for motor systems in Nigeria could have significant benefits, including reducing energy use by 300 TWh from 2025 through 2050, avoiding 130 Mt of CO2—the equivalent of Nigeria’s annual CO2 emissions—and saving $3 billion USD through 2050.
John Bature of the Standard Organisation of Nigeria reflected on the partnership, stating:
The ongoing CLASP-supported project has reignited the drive to achieve industrial energy efficiency in Nigeria. The initiative [to develop standards] addresses the identified energy waste arising from the use of obsolete motors across the Nigerian industrial sector. The project will undoubtedly deliver significant climate and economic benefits for Nigeria.
CLASP and SON are also collaborating with the Sustainable Research and Action for Environmental Development (SRADEV) Nigeria and Eng. Achema, two local Nigerian partners who are supporting data collection and analysis, stakeholder engagement, and technical guidance. Jeremiah Ato from SRADEV underscores the importance of this collaboration: “A robust market assessment is foundational to developing efficiency policies for industrial motors in Nigeria.”
Tom Ramsson, CLASP’s technical advisor on motors and industrial products, and Angellah Wekongo, manager, co-led the project with partners at SRADEV and SON. Wekongo views the collaboration as a significant step towards a greener future: “CLASP is supporting the Standards Organization of Nigeria on the first step in their journey to unlock motor system efficiency. We look forward to continuing our collaboration on motor-driven applications like pumps, fans, and air compressors to help Nigerian industry prepare for a low-carbon future.”
Energy-efficient motor systems offer a massive untapped opportunity for people and the planet. Efficient motor systems can deliver significant energy savings and reduce strain on the grid, redirecting electricity and investment to other sectors. Alongside powering economic growth, efficient motors also have major environmental benefits.
Photo caption: CLASP with partners from SRADEV and the Ghana Energy Commission at MOP37 in Nairobi, Kenya
Photo credit: CLASP
CLASP Conducting New Motor Assessment in Indonesia to Inform Efficiency Policies
CLASP has identified 10 appliances that are critical to fighting climate change and improving people’s lives. Industrial Motors are one of them. They power our economies and consume a significant amount of the world’s industrial electricity demand—27%. The resulting high energy consumption leads to greenhouse gas emissions and can strain power grids.
In Indonesia, the industrial sector consumes nearly 45% of the country’s total energy. Much of this demand comes from equipment powered by electric motors, which is expected to rise as Indonesia’s local manufacturing grows.
Given energy-efficient motors’ ability to consume less electricity when performing a task, and transitioning global motor stock to modern, efficient models would have major environmental and social benefits. Higher efficiency motors offer a win-win solution.
A market assessment to inform motor efficiency policies in Indonesia
Indonesia’s rapid industrial and economic growth is increasing the demand for commercial and industrial equipment. This makes improving the efficiency of motors embedded in pumps, fans, compressors, and conveyors a priority for national policy. However, there is limited information about the country’s current domestic motor market to guide policy development.
CLASP aims to fill this gap through a detailed market assessment of electric motors. The study will quantify the market’s size and composition, including motor sizes, brands, and efficiency levels, of Indonesia’s motor market and provide policymakers with reliable data to develop new national efficiency policies. This assessment is being conducted in coordination with the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (EBTKE), and key motor brands and associations, including ABB, Siemens, TEKO, and Grundfos.
What Indonesia can gain from more efficient motors
Once in place, motor efficiency policies informed by this assessment could deliver major benefits. Early projections show that by 2060, Indonesia could save ~542 TWh of electricity, enough to power 115 million Indonesian households for one year, and avoid ~460 Mt CO₂ emissions, equal to taking 100 million passenger cars off the road for one year. This will support the country’s 2060 net-zero climate goals and its Nationally Determined Contribution, or national climate goal.
For consumers and businesses, efficient motors mean access to higher-quality products and lower energy bills during the equipment’s lifespan. For the broader economy, efficient motors mean improved productivity, stronger industrial competitiveness, and enhanced energy security.
Ensuring that Indonesia’s industrial motors become more energy efficient is key to building a competitive and sustainable industrial future.
Economies Can Boom When Powered by Efficient Motor Systems
Motors are the invisible heartbeat to economic progress. They are found across industrial facilities, powering production lines for goods like metals, paper, cement, textiles, and packaged food and beverages. Energy efficient motors and their associated components are key tools to enable economic growth, but inefficient ones can hinder progress via high energy demand and associated costs.
A golden opportunity
Efficient motors systems offer a golden opportunity for all countries –from existing economic powerhouses to newly industrializing nations– to expand and thrive in global markets while simultaneously slashing energy costs and emissions.
Motor systems 101
Industrial motors, like those found in factories, are part of a system of several components. When evaluating efficiency, governments and the private sector must look at and address the whole system, from power source to mechanical output. These systems are responsible for powering many recognizable factory features like conveyer belts and air compressors.
Inefficient motor systems lock in years of downsides
Without intervention to ramp up efficiency, motor systems will account for 25% of global energy demand and 33% of global energy related emissions by 2050.
And these inefficiencies are expensive: continued use of outdated motor systems will be responsible for $9 trillion of lost GDP in 2050.
Outdated and inefficient motors represent two-thirds of today’s global stock. These motors can last upwards of 15 years, locking countries into a future of high energy consumption, unnecessary emissions, and strained power grids.
More efficient industry is the key to economic progress
Increasing the market share of efficient motor systems for all economies offers significant and sustained benefits. A timely transition will require leaders to push the boundaries on policymaking and financing.
Heavily industrialized countries, like China and the European Union, need to replace existing inefficient motor stock with the most efficient IE5 compliant technologies and pair them with variable speed drives to achieve the biggest cost and climate benefits. This move can be catalyzed by ambitious efficiency policy and will require significant financing support from sources like industrial banks.
In countries where manufacturing is expected to grow significantly, with commensurate increase in motor stock, like Nigeria and Indonesia, quick government action to incentivize or require efficient motor systems in new factories will prevent runaway emissions and costs from the start. External financial support and mechanisms, like subsidies and bulk procurement, will be critical for supporting emerging industry.
CLASP supports leaders in getting the most out of motors
Efficient motors systems have been available for decades, but barriers to entry, like cost and expertise, have slowed adoption. CLASP is supporting government and industry leaders in seizing the opportunity for big economic and climate wins through innovative policy and industrial initiatives.
- In China, where world-leading motor system efficiency policies are in place, CLASP funded a pilot project at six sites to measure the performance of motor systems in air compressors – a key piece of factory equipment. The data from these informed new voluntary national standards.
- In India, CLASP’s market research and analyses are helping policymakers build the case for ambitious efficiency policy improvement and revised motor labeling classes that will empower industry to choose more efficient equipment.
- In Nigeria and Indonesia, our experts are working with policymakers to gather market data to inform new motor efficiency requirements.
- In Pakistan, CLASP and partner, SAMA^verte, created an Industry Accelerator program, aimed at building the expertise of local manufacturers and helping improve their ability to produce more efficient motors.
To explore more of CLASP’s motor work, check out our motors page and news section.
Bringing Global Expertise to Pakistan’s Motor Manufacturers
In Gujranwala, Pakistan, family‑run motor manufacturers share a common ambition: to produce world‑class motors that meet international efficiency standards.
To support this, CLASP and SAMA Verte’s Industry Accelerator Program is linking Pakistan’s local motor makers with international expertise to upgrade motor designs, improve efficiency, and help the motor industry thrive.
Working with Pakistan Pumps & Electric Motors Manufacturers Association (PPEMMA), and representatives from EMOSAD, a Turkish Motors Association, the Industry Accelerator Program combines decades of local craftsmanship with the latest global technical insights.
CLASP
CLASP
The program’s work supporting improved motor testing labs is already helping local engineers to identify energy losses, improve designs, and meet national efficiency standards for motors.
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About CLASP’s Industry Accelerator Program in Pakistan
A collaborative initiative between CLASP and SAMA^Verte, the Industry Accelerator is aimed at transforming Pakistan’s electric motor manufacturing sector. Launched in 2023, the program focuses on enhancing the energy efficiency of locally produced electric motors and modernizing production processes. By providing technical assistance, facilitating international knowledge exchange, and supporting the development of energy-efficiency standards, the Industry Accelerator seeks to reduce energy consumption, lower CO₂ emissions, and strengthen the competitiveness of Pakistan’s motor industry.
Recent News
In Pakistan, Labs Testing for Efficiency are Advancing Motor Manufacturing
Until recently, most local motor manufacturers in Pakistan only tested the basic functionality of the motors they produced. A recent collaboration between CLASP and SAMA_Verte is helping local manufacturers improve motor efficiency testing.
Advanced labs identify energy losses and improve motors
Improved, state-of-the-art testing labs are at the heart of this transformation. Equipped with advanced tools like calibrated dynamometers, power analyzers, and thermal imaging, these labs are helping engineers identify energy losses, improve designs, and ensure compliance with new national regulations set by the National Energy Efficiency & Conservation Authority (NEECA) in Pakistan.
With access to high-quality testing data, manufacturers are redesigning components, reducing energy losses by over 20%, and delivering motors that are more efficient, reliable, and cost-effective. Beyond individual products, these advancements are lifting the entire industry—with the potential to boost exports in the future, creating skilled jobs and opening doors to a more energy-efficient future.
Ali Han Özcan, Turkish motor expert, with Dr. Usama at GIFT University, discussing the testing of locally manufactured motors.
CLASP
About CLASP’s Industry Accelerator Program in Pakistan
A collaborative initiative between CLASP and SAMA^Verte, the Industry Accelerator is aimed at transforming Pakistan’s electric motor manufacturing sector. Launched in 2023, the program focuses on enhancing the energy efficiency of locally produced electric motors and modernizing production processes. By providing technical assistance, facilitating international knowledge exchange, and supporting the development of energy-efficiency standards, the Industry Accelerator seeks to reduce energy consumption, lower CO₂ emissions, and strengthen the competitiveness of Pakistan’s motor industry.
Recent News
Motors
Accelerating Efficiency Gains in Pakistan’s Motor Industry
Electric motors are crucial to modern industrial economies. They transform electrical energy into mechanical energy, and power appliances and equipment such as pumps, industrial processing, and cooling equipment. While they are essential, they are also extremely power-hungry and are responsible for around 30% of global electricity demand. Research shows that outdated and inefficient low-efficiency motors represent two-thirds of the current global stock. This means there is a huge opportunity to slash energy demand, lower running costs, increase industrial competitiveness, and cut carbon emissions by increasing the energy efficiency of electric motors.
Capacity building to ensure more efficient motors are built
In Pakistan, CLASP and SAMA^Verte are aiming to do just that. Through a project called the Industry Accelerator Program, they are building the expertise of local manufacturers and improving the production processes to improve the efficiency of the motors being made. This year’s second phase of the program is centered in Gujranwala, a hub for electric motor manufacturing in Pakistan’s Punjab province.
Factory workers in Gujranwala assemble motors | Photo by CLASP
The Industry Accelerator’s achievements
In 2022, the first round of the Industry Accelerator directly supported four manufacturers in developing a higher-efficiency prototype motor. These efforts focused on enhancing design and production practices, ultimately resulting in the creation of an IE1 motor, which is a standard efficiency level that marked a notable improvement over what was locally available at the time. This motor is now in commercial production and used in solar-powered agriculture and small-scale industries.
The program also shared key learnings and best practices from this pilot with a broader group of manufacturers. Building on this momentum, 21 manufacturers collectively invested in a high-precision stamping machine, enabling them to improve motor design and quality. With these upgrades, manufacturers are now on track to achieve IE2 efficiency – a significant step toward meeting international standards.
Expanding the ambition to improve motor efficiency
This year, the second phase of the Industry Accelerator expands its scope to:
- Improve single-phase motors (0.75–1.5 kilowatts (kW)), widely used in domestic and commercial pumping systems across Pakistan
- Enhance production techniques, such as machining precision and workflow optimization
- Broaden access to quality control instruments and promote better materials like high-grade steel
- Support independent motor testing labs, enabling manufacturers to validate efficiency claims and meet compliance under Pakistan’s appliance efficiency standards
Backed by hands-on mentorship from Turkey’s motor industry association, EMOSAD, the program is also promoting more international knowledge exchanges.
Turkish motor experts highlight innovative technological improvements in motors | Photo by CLASP
“The visits by international experts and the resources provided through the Industry Accelerator have been indispensable, equipping us with the tools to manufacture motors aligned with international standards. We are now confident that local manufacturers can produce motors that meet Pakistan’s Minimum Energy Performance Standards and even achieve IE2-class efficiency in the future.”
Noor Ahmed
Secretary General, Pakistan Pumps & Electric Motors Manufacturers Association (PPEMMA)
Slashing costs and climate emissions with more efficient motors
Conservative projections estimate that the upgrades under the second phase of the Industry Accelerator (IAP-2) could save 123,000 gigawatt hours (GWh) of electricity and avoid 5.8 megatons (Mt) of CO₂ emissions by 2050. In addition to environmental benefits, these improvements will help reduce costs for manufacturers and consumers, support job security in Gujranwala and bolster Pakistan’s energy resilience.
Muhammad Salman Zaffar, Director/COO of SAMA Verte opens workshop for motor manufacturers of Gujranwala | Photo by CLASP
A collaborative path forward
By advancing energy-efficient motors and strengthening local production ecosystems, the Industry Accelerator in collaboration with Pakistan’s motor industry is pivoting towards continuous improvement, quality manufacturing, and long-term sustainability. With innovation as its engine, Gujranwala’s manufacturers are helping power a more efficient, low-carbon future for the country.
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About CLASP’s Industry Accelerator in Pakistan
A collaborative initiative between CLASP and SAMA^Verte, the Industry Accelerator is aimed at transforming Pakistan’s electric motor manufacturing sector. Launched in 2022, the program focuses on enhancing the energy efficiency of locally produced electric motors and modernizing production processes. By providing technical assistance, facilitating international knowledge exchange, and supporting the development of energy efficiency standards, the Industry Accelerator seeks to reduce energy consumption, lower CO₂ emissions, and strengthen the competitiveness of Pakistan’s motor industry.
Related articles
Maximizing Motor Efficiency to Minimize Emissions
Electric motors transform electrical energy into mechanical energy, powering everything from household appliances to equipment in commercial buildings and industrial facilities. They are essential components of electric motor-driven systems (EMDS), which currently account for around 30% of global electricity demand1.
Industrial motors, in particular, are the main drivers behind increasing global demand for electricity2, with approximately 65% of industry’s electricity consumption powering motor-driven systems3. Yet, despite their crucial role, many motors and motor systems are outdated and inefficient. The International Energy Agency reports that low efficiency motors represent two-thirds of the current global stock4. This contributes heavily to energy waste and increasing carbon emissions.
Looking ahead, CLASP’s initiatives in China, the European Union, India, and the United States aim to avoid up to nine gigatons of CO2 emissions by 2050.
Improving the energy efficiency of electric motors and EMDS presents significant potential for reducing electricity demand and curbing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. By partnering with national stakeholders to raise standards, implementing replacement incentive programs, and promoting cross-sector collaboration, CLASP is driving global efforts to unlock this potential.
CLASP’s global efforts to make motors more efficient
In Brazil, a partnership between CLASP and the Ministry of Mines and Energy is paving the way for an ambitious new regulatory agenda. This aims to establish the country’s first-ever efficiency standards for pumps and air compressors by 2027. Setting minimum efficiency standards helps phase out the least efficient models and prevents businesses from getting stuck with outdated, energy-wasting technologies. CLASP will continue working closely with the Ministry to help ensure the timely completion of the regulatory agenda and the implementation of key policies in the next two years.
Meanwhile, China is making significant strides in industrial efficiency and the potential benefits of improving motor efficiency are immense. Motors represent 55% of the country’s total energy consumption and 75% of its industrial energy use5. Since 2023, CLASP has supported the China National Institute of Standardization in developing two new efficiency standards for high-voltage induction motors and permanent magnet synchronous motors. These new standards are expected to cut 920 megatons of CO2 emissions by 2040. They will also position China as the first country to adopt a policy exceeding the world’s most energy-efficient motor standard, IE5, setting a new benchmark for global industrial standards.
Motors account for over 50% of India’s industrial electricity consumption6. CLASP is supporting the Bureau of Energy Efficiency in strengthening efficiency standards for three-phase induction motors and providing technical assistance for a new labeling program for single-phase induction motors to meet growing demand. Together, the labeling programs for three-phase and single-phase induction motors are expected to save approximately 30.1 terawatt hours of electricity and reduce 23.83 megatons of CO2 emissions, contributing significantly to India’s energy efficiency and climate goals.
CLASP, in partnership with SAMA^Verte, is helping build a competitive, sustainable motor industry in Pakistan. Through the Industry Accelerator program, local manufacturers gain access to technical expertise and resources to produce high-efficiency components for electric motors. The program strengthens the local manufacturing sector by reducing dependency on imports and enabling businesses to expand their market share. For industries that rely on these motors, the shift toward high-efficiency components translates into lower energy costs and reduced emissions. By 2050, the program is expected to reduce 12.8 megatons of CO2 emissions and improve motor efficiency by 10%.
These initiatives, along with CLASP’s upcoming projects in other countries, will help reduce global energy consumption, increase industrial energy efficiency, and support industry in shifting to more environmentally-friendly processes. CLASP collaborates with policymakers, industry leaders, and other experts to create a more sustainable future for people and the planet.
Are you interested in driving industrial innovation in your region? Connect with CLASP to explore collaboration opportunities.
0. International Energy Agency “World Energy Outlook 2019” https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/98909c1b-aabc-4797-9926-35307b418cdb/WEO2019-free.pdf
1. International Energy Agency “World Energy Outlook 2019” https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/98909c1b-aabc-4797-9926-35307b418cdb/WEO2019-free.pdf
2. International Energy Agency “World Energy Outlook 2023” https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/86ede39e-4436-42d7-ba2a-edf61467e070/WorldEnergyOutlook2023.pdf
3. International Energy Agency “World Energy Outlook 2019” https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/98909c1b-aabc-4797-9926-35307b418cdb/WEO2019-free.pdf
4. International Copper Association “ICA China Motor Program: 20 Years of Promoting Energy Efficiency” https://internationalcopper.org/resource/ica-china-motor-program-20-years-of-promoting-energy-efficiency/
5. International Copper Association India “Energy Efficient Motors” https://copperindia.org/energy-efficient-motors/
Innovation Ignites Pakistan’s Electric Motor Future
The electric motor industry in Pakistan’s fourth biggest city, Gujranwala, is undergoing a transformation thanks to a new initiative led by CLASP and SAMA^Verte. This partnership is introducing advanced manufacturing capabilities, enabling local producers to create high-efficiency industrial components for electric motors.
Driving local innovation in motor efficiency
Twenty-one local motor manufacturers have pooled financial resources to acquire a Multi-Alloy stamping machine, enabling the production of high-efficiency motors locally. This milestone heralds a new era for Gujranwala’s motor manufacturing sector, enhancing both local and global competitiveness. Motor stamping machines are critical for manufacturing motors, as they bond multiple layers of steel to form the core components efficiently and precisely.
Previously, manufacturers were reliant on used or lower-quality components, often reprocessed from imported scrap motors. Now Gujranwala has access to locally produced, high-quality components. This shift marks a new wave of innovation and self-sufficiency.
A shift to modern solutions
The demand for high-quality components of motors has already exceeded initial expectations. Manufacturers across Gujranwala, including those who did not contribute to the launch, are now seeking Multi Alloy’s components to modernize their own production capabilities.
CLASP’s Industry Accelerator program, in collaboration with SAMA^Verte, has been instrumental in driving this shift, equipping local manufacturers with the knowledge and tools to elevate production quality and energy efficiency. This program fostered industry-wide consensus to adopt modern, efficient motor designs that will be carried forward in the next phase of the program.
Building a competitive, sustainable motor industry in Pakistan
These advancements are laying the groundwork for a stronger, more competitive motor industry in Pakistan. Locally produced components for high-efficiency motors allow local manufacturers to capture a larger market share and reduce dependency on imported motors. For end-users, these components increase efficiency and so reduce electricity costs and offer significant carbon savings, making it both economically and environmentally beneficial.
By investing in collaborative solutions, Gujranwala’s motor manufacturers are setting a precedent for sustainable growth in Pakistan’s industrial sector. With initiatives such as the Industry Accelerator by CLASP and SAMA^Verte, cities like Gujranwala are poised to lead a future of energy efficiency and high-quality motor manufacturing in Pakistan.
0. International Energy Agency “World Energy Outlook 2019” https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/98909c1b-aabc-4797-9926-35307b418cdb/WEO2019-free.pdf
1. International Energy Agency “World Energy Outlook 2019” https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/98909c1b-aabc-4797-9926-35307b418cdb/WEO2019-free.pdf
2. International Energy Agency “World Energy Outlook 2023” https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/86ede39e-4436-42d7-ba2a-edf61467e070/WorldEnergyOutlook2023.pdf
3. International Energy Agency “World Energy Outlook 2019” https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/98909c1b-aabc-4797-9926-35307b418cdb/WEO2019-free.pdf
4. International Copper Association “ICA China Motor Program: 20 Years of Promoting Energy Efficiency” https://internationalcopper.org/resource/ica-china-motor-program-20-years-of-promoting-energy-efficiency/
5. International Copper Association India “Energy Efficient Motors” https://copperindia.org/energy-efficient-motors/
How National Appliance and Equipment Energy Conservation Standards Can Improve Public Health in the US
Gain insight into the critical role of national appliance standards in improving public health and discover how to measure their impact against Justice40 goals. Find actionable recommendations for maximizing their benefits for a healthier, greener, and fairer future.
Key findings
- National appliance standards have led to significant reductions in PM2.5 and PM2.5 precursor emissions, avoiding hundreds of thousands of tons of pollutants in 2017.
- These standards prevented between 1,900 and 4,400 PM2.5-related deaths in 2017, translating to monetary benefits of $18 to $41 billion.
- Health benefits from national appliance standards have been distributed relatively equitably. Communities designated as disadvantaged by Justice40, representing 33% of the total population, have received 36% of the health benefits.
Recommendations
- The US Department of Energy must meet legal deadlines for updating appliance efficiency standards to maximize public health benefits.
- Governments should expand outreach and incentives to promote efficient appliance adoption, prioritizing disadvantaged communities, renters, and low-income households.
- Engage disadvantaged communities and people of color in all stages of policy development and implementation.
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Additional Resources:
0. International Energy Agency “World Energy Outlook 2019” https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/98909c1b-aabc-4797-9926-35307b418cdb/WEO2019-free.pdf
1. International Energy Agency “World Energy Outlook 2019” https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/98909c1b-aabc-4797-9926-35307b418cdb/WEO2019-free.pdf
2. International Energy Agency “World Energy Outlook 2023” https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/86ede39e-4436-42d7-ba2a-edf61467e070/WorldEnergyOutlook2023.pdf
3. International Energy Agency “World Energy Outlook 2019” https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/98909c1b-aabc-4797-9926-35307b418cdb/WEO2019-free.pdf
4. International Copper Association “ICA China Motor Program: 20 Years of Promoting Energy Efficiency” https://internationalcopper.org/resource/ica-china-motor-program-20-years-of-promoting-energy-efficiency/
5. International Copper Association India “Energy Efficient Motors” https://copperindia.org/energy-efficient-motors/